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Friedrich Freiherr (Baron) von Hotze (20 April 1739 – 25 September 1799), was a Swiss-born field marshal in the Austrian army during the French Revolutionary Wars, campaigned in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition and in Switzerland in the War of the Second Coalition, notably at Battle of Winterthur in late May 1799, and the First Battle of Zürich in early June 1799. He was killed at the Second Battle of Zürich. Hotze was born on 20 April 1739 in Richterswil in the Canton of Zürich, in the Old Swiss Confederacy (present-day Switzerland). As a boy, he graduated at the ''Carolinum'' in Zürich and pursued studies at the University of Tübingen. In 1758, he entered the military service of the Duke of Württemberg, and was promoted to captain of cavalry; he campaigned in the Seven Years' War, but saw no combat. Later, he served in the Russian army in Russia's War with Turkey, (1768–74). His persistent attentiveness to Joseph II garnered for him a commission in the Austrian imperial army, and he served in the brief War of Bavarian Succession (1778–79). A diligent and creative commander, he rose quickly through the ranks. His campaigning in the War of the First Coalition, particularly at the Battle of Würzburg, earned him the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa and, in 1798, the Commander's Cross. Archduke Charles placed him in full command of the center of the Austrian line at the First Battle of Zürich in 1799. He was killed by French musket fire in the morning mist near Schänis, in Canton of St. Gallen on 25 September 1799. ==Childhood and early career== Friedrich Hotze was the second son of Johannes Hotze, a doctor and surgeon in Hessian military service and his Zürich-born wife, Juditha Gessner. Hotze came from an old Swiss family, and was a cousin of Heinrich Pestalozzi, the pedagogue and education reformer. As a young man, Hotze studied at the renowned ''Gymnasium Carolinum'' (Zürich).〔Established during Zwingli's 16th century school reform, the gymnasium provided classical instruction. It also was one of the components of the University of Zurich, founded in the mid-19th century. University of Zurich. (''Klassiches-Philologisches Seminar'' ). Ab 13 November 2009. Accessed 14 December 2009.〕 Later he attended the University of Tübingen.〔His older brother, the doctor Johannes Hotze (1734–1801), studied medicine at Tübingen and the University of Leipzig. Johannes Hotze was one of the first professional doctors to practice medicine in the Zürich countryside. He also treated the emotionally disturbed, and offered in-house medical care for women in labor. He married Anna Elisabetha Pfenninger. Christoph Mörgeli. (Hotz (Hotze), Johannes ). ''Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz''. 29 October 2007 edition. Accessed 18 October 2009.〕 In October 1758, Hotze entered the military service of the Duke of Württemberg, in a Hussar regiment as an officer cadet (ensign).〔 Jens-Florian Ebert. ( ''Friedrich, Freiherr von Hotze'' ). (''Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815'' ). Napoleon-online (German Version). Accessed 15 October 2009; Katja Hürlimann. ( Johann Konrad (Friedrich von Hotze) ). ''Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz,'' 15 January 2008 edition, accessed 18 October 2009.〕 By 1759, he had been promoted to lieutenant, and in 1761, to cavalry captain (or ''Rittmeister''). He left the Duke's service during the disagreement between the Duke and the Württemberg Estates over financial matters involved in maintaining a standing army, and entered the service of the King of Prussia, where he remained until the end of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). After service in Prussia, he took a brief vacation in Switzerland.〔 Ebert. (''Freiherr von Hotze'' ).〕 In May 1768, Hotze entered the service of Catherine II, the Tsarina of Russia, but only as lieutenant of a regiment of dragoons, the so-called ''Ingermannland'', named for the territory between Lake Peipus, the Narova River, and Lake Ladoga, in the old Grand Duchy of Novgorod.〔Joseph Lins. ("Saint Petersburg." ) ''The Catholic Encyclopedia.'' Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Accessed 17 October 2009.〕 He participated in several battles in Russia's on-going conflict with the Ottoman Empire, attracting the attention of Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov during the battle at Giurgiu, on the lower Danube, during which he was wounded. Suvarov praised him for his bravery and promoted him to major.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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